Germplasm

种质是植物育种的基本单位，也是 BMS 数据库中几乎所有关系的共同要素。作物数据库要求对种质进行唯一标识。BMS 为种质单位分配数字标识符，称为 GID*。GID 允许育种者在不改变数据库标识符和不破坏数据关系连续性的情况下为种质重新命名或指定替代名称。GID 可以指具有单一基因型的个体，也可以指具有多种基因型的遗传群体。

Germplasm is the fundamental unit of plant breeding and is the common element to almost all relationships in the BMS database. Crop databases require that germplasm be uniquely identified. The BMS assigns numeric identifiers, called GIDs*, to germplasm units. GIDs allow breeders to re-name or assign alternate names to germplasm without changing the database identifier and disrupting the continuity of data relationships. GIDs can refer to an individual with a single genotype or a genetic population with multiple genotypes.

*BMS 会生成数据库独有的 GID 和 UUID，从统计学角度看，它们不太可能在其他数据库中复制。GID 和 UUID 是数据库内部标识符，因此不能修改。

*The BMS generates GIDs, unique to the database, and UUIDs, which are statistically unlikely to be replicated in other databases. GIDs and UUIDs are internal database identifiers, hence they cannot be modified.

Examples of Germplasm Units (GIDs):

• 单一种植单位：种子、植株、块茎、切块等。

• 数量 一袋种子或多株植物

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育种管理系统数据关系简图

Simple Schematic of Data Relationships in the Breeding Management System

• Blue=Germplasm & Genealogy

• Green=Studies & Phenotyping

• Pink=Genotyping

• Purple= Decision Making Tools

Genealogy家谱管理 - Genealogy Management

A core function of a crop database is the management of germplasm tracking and genealogy updates. BMS genealogy management system is based on the International Crop information System (ICIS) (see DeLacy et al. 2009). The open access ICIS genealogy model allows for unambiguous recording of breeding processes in a relational database.

育种方法 - Breeding Methods

育种方法是指通过杂交、选择或繁殖周期对种质进行改良。不同作物有不同的相关育种方法，具体取决于繁殖生物学特性--自花授粉、开放授粉或克隆繁殖。数据库育种方法所描述的育种会产生遗传变化，因此有必要为新产生的种质分配新的 GID。

Breeding methods describe the modification of germplasm over cycles of crossing, selection, or propagation. Different crops will have different relevant breeding methods, depending on propagation biology - self-pollinated, open-pollinated, or clonally propagated. Breeding, as described by database breeding methods, creates genetic change and necessitates the assignment of new GIDs to the newly created germplasm.

生成方法 - Generative

生成方法通过结合来自不同祖先的等位基因（通常涉及多个 GID）来增加等位基因的多样性，如杂交、诱变和转化。

Generative methods increase allelic diversity by combining alleles from different progenitors (generally involving multiple GIDs), such as crossing, mutagenesis, and transformation.

衍生产品 - Derivative

应用于源祖先或种群（单一 GID）的衍生方法会减少或重新分配等位基因多样性，例如通过近亲繁殖和自花授粉。

Derivative methods applied to a source progenitor or population (single GID), decrease or redistribute allelic diversity, such as through inbreeding and self-pollination.

维护方法 - Maintenance

对原种或种群（单一 GID）采用的保持方法可保持特定水平的遗传变异，目的是创造出尽可能与原种相似的新种质实例，如增殖种子。

Maintenance methods applied to a source progenitor or population (single GID) maintain a specific level of genetic variation with the goal of creating new instances of germplasm as similar to the progenitor as possible, such as a seed increase.

Pedigrees

BMS 数据库中的血统是通过育种方法连接的 GID 链。这种数据库对血统的定义允许灵活处理缺失数据和修订数据。育种者可以修改育种方法或 GID，而无需更新命名规则、血统文本字符串或其他系谱依赖关系。

Pedigrees in the BMS database are chains of GIDs linked by breeding methods. This database definition of pedigree allows flexibility for missing data and revision. A breeder can revise a breeding method or GID without needing to update naming conventions, pedigree text string, or other genealogical dependencies.

名称 - Names

种质在开发和释放过程中收集了许多标签（DeLacy 等人，2009 年）。

Germplasm collects a multitude of labels during the development-and-release process (DeLacy et al. 2009).

首选名称 - Preferred Name

BMS 支持多种名称类型，但必须将其中一种类型确定为首选名称才能显示。

Several name types are supported in the BMS, however, one must be identified as the Preferred Name for display purposes.

永久唯一标识符（PUI）- Permanent Unique Identifier (PUI)

种质还可以有一个可选的永久唯一标识符 (PUI*) 名称。

Germplasm may also have an optional Permanent Unique Identifier (PUI*) name assigned to it.

*PUI 定义为“[MCPD (v2.1)]分配给加入的任何持久、唯一标识符，以便在全球范围内明确引用该加入及其相关信息”。

*The PUI is defined as “[MCPD (v2.1)] Any persistent, unique identifier assigned to the accession so it can be unambiguously referenced at the global level and the information associated with it.”

例如，DOI（数字对象标识符，用于《粮食和农业植物遗传资源国际条约》（ITPGRFA）第 17 条规定的全球信息系统（GLIS），以明确、永久地标识各组织间交换的粮食和农业植物遗传资源）可作为种质 PUI 名称存储在 BMS 中，并将作为加入或种质的汇总/统一标识符，如下图所示：

For example, a DOI (Digital Object Identifier, used in the context of the Global Information System (GLIS) of Article 17 of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) to unambiguously and permanently identify plant genetic resources for food and agriculture being exchanged across organizations) may be stored as a germplasm PUI name in the BMS, and will serve as the aggregating/unifying identifier for the accession or germplasm, as illustrated below :

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